A project in Iot often requires multiple devices communicating with each other. This is usually done through sending messages over sockets. To locate a device, usually addresses are used. This is good technique, but due to commom use of DHCP, the IP addresses change constantly. So one needs to keep track of these changing IP addresses.
What if you don't need to remember the changing IP addresses? That's where mDNS comes into picture.
mDNS stands for Multicast Domain Name System. Apple needed to use readable machine names on a local network without a nameserver, so implemented multicast DNS in their Bonjour. Multicast DNS uses a special domain called local. Host names are automatically registered in this domain.
mDNS uses multicast address 224.0.0.251 and UDP as it's transport layer protocol on port 5353.
I found about this cool feature recently. Most of the modern OSes support mDNS out of the box. In dedication to popular Iot device Raspberry Pi, I will tell you the usage of mDNS in linux.
Linux uses Avahi library for mDNS. To install Avahi on your linux/ubuntu system
$ sudo apt-get install avahi nss-mdns
Most probably above packages are installed by default. Now start avahi-daemon which will handle mDNS functions.
$ system-ctl start avahi-daemon
$ system-ctl enable avahi-daemon
Now we'll need to configure our system to listen to mDNS. To do this, edit /etc/nsswitch.conf and modify the host : line as follows:
hosts: files mdns_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns
If you’re using IPv4 only, then use mdns4_minimal and mdns4 instead.
Now you are all set to go. You can check by resolving your own domain:
$ dig +short <hostname>.local @224.0.0.251 -p 5353
Here the <hostname> is the system's hostname. If you don't know this, then execute hostname to get it. For example, my hostname is hrily, so following is the output of hostname.
$ hostname
hrily
So when I resolved my hostname, I got:
$ dig +short hrily.local @224.0.0.251 -p 5353
10.50.47.112
Now that we know how to use hostnames instead of IP addresses, we have a cool set of applications. Whenever you want to ssh to your RPi with hostname myrpi, you just need to do:
$ ssh user@`dig +short myrpi.local @224.0.0.251 -p 5353`
This is really good usage that I need constantly. When I'm in my cammpus network, but not in reach of my laptop and need to do some work on it, I just ssh into it using my phone using above command. I don't really need to know what IP address was assigned to my laptop.
I hope you find mDNS useful. Untill then, this is hrily signing off...